Short Pathology Training Course in Dhaka

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Introduction

Pathology is one of the most vital branches of medical science, playing a central role in disease diagnosis, patient management, and healthcare decision-making. With the rapid growth of diagnostic laboratories, hospitals, and healthcare centers in Bangladesh, the demand for skilled pathology professionals has increased significantly. To meet this growing need, HRTD Medical Institute offers a comprehensive Short Pathology Training Course designed to provide practical knowledge, hands-on skills, and career-ready training within a short duration.

The Short Pathology Training Course at HRTD Medical Institute is ideal for students, job seekers, healthcare workers, and professionals who want to gain essential pathology skills quickly and efficiently. This course bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world laboratory practice, enabling learners to enter the diagnostic field with confidence.

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About HRTD Medical Institute

HRTD Medical Institute is a reputed medical and technical training institute located in Mirpur, Dhaka. The institute is committed to producing skilled healthcare professionals through quality education, modern laboratory facilities, and experienced faculty members.

Institution Details:

• Name: HRTD Medical Institute
• Address: Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11,
  Metro Rail Pillar-249, Folpotti Mosque Lane,
  Mirpur-10, Dhaka-1216
• Contact: 01797522136, 01987073965, 01784572173

HRTD Medical Institute has earned a strong reputation for offering practical-oriented medical courses, including pathology, laboratory technology, and diagnostic training programs.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

What Is a Short Pathology Training Course?

A Short Pathology Training Course is a focused educational program that provides fundamental and applied knowledge of pathology within a limited time frame. Unlike long-term diploma or degree programs, short courses emphasize hands-on laboratory skills, diagnostic techniques, and job-oriented training.

This course is especially suitable for individuals who want to:

• Quickly enter the pathology or diagnostic laboratory field
• Upgrade existing laboratory skills
• Gain practical experience without committing to long-term study
• Prepare for employment in hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic centers

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Importance of Pathology in Modern Healthcare

Pathology is often called the backbone of medical diagnosis. More than 70% of medical decisions are influenced by laboratory test results. Pathology helps in:

• Early disease detection
• Monitoring disease progression
• Evaluating treatment effectiveness
• Preventing complications

From routine blood tests to advanced biochemical and hematological analyses, pathology plays a crucial role in patient care. Therefore, trained pathology professionals are indispensable in every healthcare system.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Why Choose a Short Pathology Training Course?

1. Time-Efficient Learning

Short courses are designed to deliver essential knowledge and skills within a few months, making them ideal for quick career entry.

2. Cost-Effective Education

Compared to long-term academic programs, short pathology courses are more affordable while still offering valuable skills.

3. Practical Skill Development

These courses focus heavily on hands-on training, laboratory instruments, and real sample analysis.

4. High Job Demand

With the expansion of diagnostic centers in Dhaka and across Bangladesh, trained pathology assistants and technicians are in high demand.

5. Career Flexibility

Graduates can work in hospitals, private diagnostic labs, clinics, research centers, or even abroad with further certification.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Short Pathology Training Course at HRTD Medical Institute

The Short Pathology Training Course at HRTD Medical Institute is carefully structured to meet industry demands and healthcare standards. The course combines theory, practical sessions, and laboratory exposure to ensure complete professional development.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Course Objectives

The main objectives of this course are:

• To provide basic and advanced knowledge of pathology
• To develop hands-on laboratory skills
• To train students in diagnostic procedures
• To ensure safe laboratory practices
• To prepare students for employment in pathology laboratories

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Course Duration

The duration of the Short Pathology Training Course at HRTD Medical Institute typically ranges from 3 to 6 months, depending on the training module and student requirements.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Eligibility Criteria

This course is open to:

• SSC / HSC pass students (Science background preferred)
• Medical assistants
• Nursing students
• Laboratory assistants
• Health science students
• Job seekers interested in healthcare
• Professionals seeking skill enhancement

No prior pathology experience is mandatory, making the course accessible to beginners.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Course Curriculum Overview

The curriculum of the Short Pathology Training Course at HRTD Medical Institute is designed to provide comprehensive coverage of essential pathology topics.

1. Introduction to Pathology

• Definition and scope of pathology
• Branches of pathology
• Role of pathology in diagnosis

2. Laboratory Safety and Ethics

• Laboratory rules and regulations
• Biosafety and infection control
• Waste management
• Ethical responsibilities

3. Hematology

• Blood composition and functions
• Complete Blood Count (CBC)
• Hemoglobin estimation
• ESR
• Blood grouping and cross-matching

4. Clinical Pathology

• Urine examination
• Stool examination
• Semen analysis
• Body fluid analysis

5. Biochemistry

• Blood glucose tests
• Liver function tests (LFT)
• Kidney function tests (KFT)
• Lipid profile
• Electrolyte balance

6. Microbiology Basics

• Sample collection and handling
• Microscopy techniques
• Staining methods (Gram stain, Ziehl-Neelsen stain)

7. Histopathology Fundamentals

• Tissue processing
• Fixation and embedding
• Section cutting
• Staining techniques

8. Laboratory Instruments and Equipment

• Microscope handling
• Centrifuge
• Auto analyzers
• Pipettes and glassware

9. Quality Control in Pathology

• Internal quality control
• External quality assurance
• Error prevention

10. Practical Training and Lab Work

• Hands-on sample testing
• Real laboratory exposure
• Case-based practice

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Teaching Methodology

HRTD Medical Institute follows a student-centered teaching approach, including:

• Interactive lectures
• Demonstrations
• Practical laboratory sessions
• Case studies
• Continuous assessments

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Facilities and Infrastructure

HRTD Medical Institute provides modern facilities to support effective learning:

• Well-equipped pathology laboratories
• Updated diagnostic instruments
• Skilled and experienced instructors
• Clean and safe learning environment
• Easy access to public transport

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Certification

After successful completion of the Short Pathology Training Course, students receive a certificate from HRTD Medical Institute, which enhances employability and professional credibility.

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Career Opportunities After Course Completion

Graduates of the Short Pathology Training Course can work as:

• Pathology Laboratory Assistant
• Diagnostic Lab Technician
• Medical Laboratory Helper
• Sample Collection Officer
• Lab Support Staff

They can find employment in:

• Government hospitals
• Private hospitals
• Diagnostic centers
• Clinics
• Research laboratories

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Why HRTD Medical Institute Is the Best Choice

• Experienced faculty members
• Practical-oriented training
• Affordable course fees
• Central location in Mirpur, Dhaka
• Career guidance and support

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Admission Process

The admission process at HRTD Medical Institute is simple and student-friendly:

1. Contact the institute
2. Submit required documents
3. Complete registration
4. Start training

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Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Contact Information

For admission and course details, contact:

HRTD Medical Institute
📍 Mirpur-10, Dhaka
📞 01797522136 | 01987073965 | 01784572173

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Some Practical of the Pathology Course

1. Blood collection procedure
2. Blood grouping
3. Cross matching
4. Liver function test(SGPT,SGOT)
5. kidney function test(serum creatinine, serum urea, Uric acid)
6. Lipid profile ( Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglyceride)
7. Urine R/E
8. Bleeding time
9. Clotting time
10. Fasting blood glucose
11. Random blood glucose
12. Oral glucose tolerance test
13. Blood film for CBC test
14. Total protein
15. ESR
16. Serum iron
17. Serum Bilirubin
18. Hemoglobin
19. Thyroid function test (TSH,T3,T4)
20. Troponin I
21. Vitamin D
22. Prolactin hormone
23. Dengue NS1
24. Dengue IgG and IgM
25. Widal test for typhoid fever
26. Kala jor
27. Chikungunya test
28. Malaria
29. Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
30. Calcium
31. CRP
32. VDRL
33. HBS-Ag
34. Anti HCV
35. Anti HIV
36. ASO
37. RA
38. Anti H pylori
39. Manteaux test
40. IgE and many other test

Blood collection procedure

A blood collection procedure, usually venipuncture, involves preparing the patient, applying a tourniquet, selecting and cleaning a vein (often in the inner elbow), inserting a needle at a shallow angle (around 30°), collecting blood into tubes (releasing the tourniquet first), and applying pressure to the site afterward with gauze until bleeding stops, all while maintaining sterile technique and proper labeling.  

Key Steps for Venipuncture (Most Common Method)

1. Preparation & Patient ID:
   • Verify patient and test info, perform hand hygiene, and explain the process. 
   • Have the patient sit or lie down comfortably, with the arm supported below heart level. 
2. Equipment & Site Selection:
   • Gather necessary sterile equipment (needle, tubes, tourniquet, antiseptic, gauze). 
   • Apply the tourniquet 4-5 finger-widths above the chosen site (inner arm bend) and ask the patient to make a fist. 
   • Palpate (feel) for a strong, bouncy vein; don’t re-touch the area after cleaning. 
3. Puncture & Collection:
   • Clean the site with 70% isopropyl alcohol and let it air dry completely. 
   • Anchor the vein by pulling skin taut below the site with your thumb. 
   • With the needle’s bevel (opening) facing up, insert it swiftly into the vein at a 15-30° angle. 
   • Once blood flows, release the tourniquet (before two minutes) and slowly pull back the syringe plunger or push the vacutainer tube onto the needle. 
   • Fill tubes in the correct order, inverting them gently to mix if needed (e.g., EDTA tubes). 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Blood grouping

Blood grouping classifies blood into types (A, B, AB, O) based on specific antigens (proteins) on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma, combined with the presence or absence of the Rh factor, creating eight main groups (A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-) crucial for safe blood transfusions, as receiving incompatible blood can be fatal. O negative is the universal donor, and AB positive is the universal recipient, due to their lack of A/B antigens or antibodies, respectively, allowing them to mix with most other types.  

The ABO System (Antigens & Antibodies)

• Blood Group A: Has A antigens on red cells, anti-B antibodies in plasma. 
• Blood Group B: Has B antigens on red cells, anti-A antibodies in plasma. 
• Blood Group AB: Has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies. 
• Blood Group O: Has neither A nor B antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. 

The Rh Factor (Positive/Negative)

• Rh Positive (+): Has the Rh protein (D antigen) on red blood cells.
• Rh Negative (-): Lacks the Rh protein. 

Compatibility & Transfusions

• Universal Donor: O Negative (O-) can donate to anyone because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, so recipients don’t form antibodies against it.
• Universal Recipient: AB Positive (AB+) can receive from anyone because it has A, B, and Rh antigens, meaning it already has antibodies for those types. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Liver function test

A Liver Function Test (LFT) is a panel of blood tests measuring enzymes, proteins, and substances like ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, and albumin to assess liver health, detect damage or disease (like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or blockages), monitor treatment effectiveness, and check for medication side effects, providing a comprehensive view of how well the liver is working by checking levels of these liver-produced or liver-related chemicals.  

What it checks

• Liver Enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT): Elevated levels often signal liver cell damage or inflammation, with specific patterns suggesting different issues (e.g., GGT helps differentiate liver/bone issues). 
• Bilirubin: A yellow pigment; high levels can indicate liver disease or bile duct blockage. 
• Albumin & Total Protein: Measures the liver’s ability to produce proteins crucial for bodily functions. 
• Prothrombin Time (PT/INR): Checks how quickly blood clots, as the liver produces clotting factors; prolonged time suggests impaired function. 

Why it’s done

• Screening: To check for liver disease in at-risk individuals (heavy drinkers, obese, diabetic). 
• Diagnosis: To find the cause of symptoms like jaundice, abdominal pain, or fatigue. 
• Monitoring: To track the progression of liver disease or treatment response. 
• Medication Safety: To ensure certain drugs aren’t harming the liver. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

kidney function test

A kidney function test (KFT) uses blood and urine tests to check how well your kidneys filter waste, balancing fluids and minerals. Key blood tests measure waste products like Creatinine (used to calculate eGFR), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and electrolytes, while urine tests look for protein or glucose. These help diagnose kidney disease, monitor existing conditions (like diabetes/high BP), or check medication effects, with imaging (ultrasound) or biopsy used for deeper investigation.  

Common Blood Tests

• Creatinine: A waste product from muscle breakdown; high levels suggest poor filtering. 
• eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate): Calculated from creatinine, age, sex, etc., showing overall kidney filtering efficiency (higher is better). 
• BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): Measures urea, another waste product; elevated levels can signal kidney issues. 
• Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate levels help check fluid balance. 

Common Urine Tests

• Urinalysis: Checks for protein (albumin), glucose, blood, and other signs of damage.
• Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR): Detects small amounts of albumin, an early sign of damage. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Lipid profile

A lipid profile is a blood test that measures fats (lipids) in your blood, including total cholesterol, “good” HDL, “bad” LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides, to assess your risk of cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke) by checking for plaque buildup in arteries. It helps doctors monitor heart health, guide lifestyle changes, and manage conditions like high cholesterol, often requiring a 9-12 hour fast beforehand for accurate results.  

Key components measured:

• Total Cholesterol: All cholesterol in your blood. 
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): “Bad” cholesterol that can clog arteries. 
• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein): “Good” cholesterol that removes LDL from your body. 
• Triglycerides: A type of fat from food, used for energy; high levels increase heart risk. 
• VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein): Transports triglycerides and can also build up in vessels. 

Purpose of the test:

• Assess Risk: Determine your risk for heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis (plaque buildup). 
• Monitor Treatment: Check if diets or medications are effectively lowering cholesterol. 
• Screening: Often done during routine physicals to catch issues early, as high lipids often have no symptoms. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Urine R/E

“Urine re” usually refers to a Urine Routine Examination (RE), also called Urinalysis, a common test checking urine’s appearance, concentration, and content (physical, chemical, microscopic) for UTIs, kidney/liver disease, diabetes, or general health, often paired with a CS (Culture & Sensitivity) for infection-causing microbes. It involves checking color, pH, specific gravity, and looking for cells, bacteria, or crystals, helping diagnose issues like kidney stones, infections, or metabolic disorders. 

What it checks (RE/ME)

• Routine Examination (RE): Physical & Chemical aspects (Color, clarity, pH, protein, glucose, etc.). 
• Microscopic Examination (ME): Microscopic view for Red/White Blood Cells, bacteria, crystals, casts. 
• Culture & Sensitivity (CS): Grows bacteria to identify the specific microbe and best antibiotic. 

Why it’s done

• Routine check-ups: General health screening.
• Symptom investigation: Painful urination, blood in urine, abdominal/back pain.
• Diagnosis: Kidney disease, diabetes, liver disease, UTIs, kidney stones.
• Monitoring: Tracking disease progression or pre-surgery. 

How to give a sample (Mid-Stream Urine – MSU)

1. Wash genitals thoroughly.
2. Start urinating into the toilet.
3. Collect 10-20 ml of the mid-stream (middle part) urine in a sterile container.
4. Send to the lab quickly or refrigerate for a short time. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Bleeding time

Bleeding time (BT) is a medical test measuring how long it takes for a small skin cut to stop bleeding, assessing primary hemostasis (platelet plug formation) and vessel function, with normal times generally 3-10 minutes, though it’s less common now due to poor specificity. Prolonged times suggest platelet issues (like low count or poor function), vascular problems, or certain meds (aspirin) and can indicate conditions like thrombocytopenia, Von Willebrand disease, or liver disease, while shortened times usually aren’t significant.  

How it’s Performed (Ivy Method Example)

1. A blood pressure cuff is inflated on the upper arm to maintain steady pressure.
2. Two small, shallow cuts are made on the forearm.
3. The cuff is deflated.
4. Filter paper blotted to the cuts every 30 seconds until bleeding stops.
5. The total time is recorded. 

What it Shows

• Normal: 3 to 10 minutes (varies by method). 
• Prolonged: Suggests issues with platelet function, platelet count (e.g., thrombocytopenia), blood vessel integrity, or medications like aspirin. 
• Conditions: Can point to von Willebrand disease, liver disease, or certain blood disorders. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Blood glucose

Blood glucose, or blood sugar, is the main sugar in your blood, your body’s primary energy source from food (especially carbs). It’s regulated by insulin, a hormone that moves glucose into cells; imbalances can signal diabetes (high levels) or hypoglycemia (low levels). Monitoring these levels, often with a meter, helps manage conditions like diabetes and prevents long-term complications by keeping levels in a target range (e.g., fasting <100 mg/dL, 2 hrs post-meal <180 mg/dL).  

What it is

• Energy Source: Glucose is your cells’ main fuel, carried in the bloodstream from the food you eat (fruits, bread, pasta). 
• Hormonal Control: Insulin (from the pancreas) helps cells absorb glucose; glucagon releases stored glucose when levels are low. 

Why it matters

• Diabetes: High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or use it effectively, leading to diabetes. 
• Complications: Consistently high glucose damages blood vessels and nerves, increasing risks for heart disease, kidney issues, and eye problems. 

Normal vs. High Levels (General Guidelines)

• Fasting (no food for 8+ hrs): Under 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal; 100-125 mg/dL is prediabetes; 126 mg/dL+ is diabetes, says the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 
• 2 Hours After a Meal: Under 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) is a typical target for people with diabetes, notes MedlinePlus. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Total protein

Total protein refers to the overall amount of protein in your blood, a key indicator of health measured by a blood test, combining two main types: albumin (for fluid balance, transport) and globulins (for immune function, transport). Levels help diagnose liver, kidney issues, or malnutrition, indicating if your body makes too much or too little, with abnormal levels often needing further tests like the A/G ratio. 

What it measures

• Albumin: The most abundant protein, preventing fluid leaks from vessels and carrying hormones, vitamins, and fats.
• Globulins: A group including antibodies (gamma globulins) for immunity, plus alpha and beta globulins for transport. 

Why it’s tested

• To check liver and kidney function.
• To help diagnose malnutrition or nutritional deficiencies.
• To investigate symptoms like swelling, fatigue, or frequent infections.
• To monitor chronic diseases. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

ESR

ESR usually stands for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, a common blood test measuring how fast red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle in a tube, indicating inflammation in the body, often from infections, autoimmune issues, or other conditions. Faster settling (higher ESR) means more inflammation, as cells clump together and get heavier; it helps monitor disease but doesn’t diagnose a specific cause. ESR also refers to the European Society of Radiology, a professional organization for medical imaging. 

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Blood Test)

• What it is: A test measuring how quickly red blood cells (RBCs) fall to the bottom of a test tube.
• How it works: Inflammation causes proteins to make RBCs clump, making them heavier and sink faster.
• What it shows: A high ESR signals inflammation, but it’s non-specific, meaning it doesn’t pinpoint the exact disease.
• When it’s used: To detect inflammation from infections, autoimmune diseases (like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), and cancers, and to monitor chronic conditions. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Serum Bilirubin

Serum bilirubin is a blood test measuring a yellow pigment from red blood cell breakdown, crucial for checking liver function, diagnosing jaundice, bile duct issues, or blood disorders like hemolytic anemia, with levels indicating how well the liver processes bilirubin, as high levels can signal disease but also have protective antioxidant roles. The test measures total bilirubin (direct + indirect) and helps doctors see if your liver is healthy or struggling, often alongside other liver tests. 

What it is

• Bilirubin: A yellowish substance produced when old red blood cells break down. 
• Liver’s Role: A healthy liver processes bilirubin for excretion in bile, but if the liver’s struggling or blocked, bilirubin builds up in the blood. 

Why the test is done

• Diagnose Jaundice: Yellow skin/eyes.
• Check Liver Health: Signs of hepatitis, cirrhosis, or drug damage.
• Find Bile Duct Blockages: From gallstones or tumors.
• Monitor Blood Disorders: Conditions where red blood cells break down too fast (like hemolytic anemia).
• Newborn Jaundice: To see if newborns need treatment (phototherapy). 

Types of Bilirubin Measured

• Total Bilirubin: Sum of direct and indirect.
• Indirect (Unconjugated): Bilirubin before it’s processed by the liver.
• Direct (Conjugated): Bilirubin after it’s processed by the liver. 

What high levels can mean (Hyperbilirubinemia)

• Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis).
• Bile duct obstruction.
• Excessive red blood cell destruction (hemolysis). 

What low levels can mean (Hypobilirubinemia)

• Often not a problem; possibly caffeine or certain medications. 
• May be linked to some autoimmune diseases or better cardiovascular health. 

Normal Ranges (Adults)

• Total: Roughly 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL (varies by lab).
• Direct: Around 0.1 to 0.3 mg/dL.
• Indirect: Around 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dL. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Thyroid function test

A thyroid function test (TFT) is a blood test checking Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), T4 (thyroxine), and sometimes T3 (triiodothyronine) levels to see how well your thyroid gland in your neck is working, helping diagnose conditions like hypothyroidism (underactive) or hyperthyroidism (overactive), or to monitor treatment. The TSH test is usually first, with high TSH often signaling an underactive thyroid and low TSH an overactive one, but T4 and T3 levels confirm the diagnosis.  

Key Tests Included in a Thyroid Panel:

• TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): The most common first test, measuring the hormone from the pituitary gland that tells the thyroid to produce hormones. High TSH means the thyroid isn’t making enough (underactive); low TSH means it’s overproducing (overactive). 
• Free T4 (Free Thyroxine): Measures the main thyroid hormone circulating in your blood, showing how much the gland is actively producing. 
• Free T3 (Free Triiodothyronine): Measures the active form of thyroid hormone; often checked if hyperthyroidism is suspected. 

Why It’s Done:

• To diagnose thyroid disorders (hypo/hyperthyroidism).
• To monitor treatment, like hormone replacement therapy.
• To investigate symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, mood swings, or changes in heart rate. 

What to Expect:

• A simple blood draw from a vein in your arm. 

How Results Are Interpreted (General Guide):

• Hypothyroidism (Underactive): High TSH, Low Free T4/T3.
• Hyperthyroidism (Overactive): Low TSH, High Free T4/T3.
• Subclinical Hypothyroidism: High TSH, but normal T4/T3 levels. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Vitamin D

Vitamin D, often called the “sunshine vitamin,” is a fat-soluble nutrient crucial for calcium absorption, strong bones, muscle function, and immune health, produced by skin exposure to sunlight but also obtained from fatty fish, fortified foods, and supplements. Deficiency can lead to bone diseases like rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults), so many people, especially in winter or with low sun exposure, need supplements, while some foods (milk, cereals) are fortified, and sunlight remains a key source.  

Key Functions

• Bone Health: Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth, preventing rickets and osteoporosis. 
• Immune Support: Supports the immune system to fight infections. 
• Muscle & Nerve Function: Essential for muscle movement and nerve communication. 

Sources

• Sunlight: Skin produces Vitamin D3 when exposed to UVB rays, but this varies by season, location, skin type, and time of day. 
• Foods: Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), egg yolks, red meat, liver, and fortified foods like milk, cereals, and plant-based milks. 
• Supplements: Available as D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). 

Deficiency & Risk Factors

• Risks: People with dark skin, older adults, those with low sun exposure (due to work, location, clothing), and certain medical conditions. 
• Symptoms: Bone pain, weak bones. 

Short Pathology Training Course 017975522136

Prolactin hormone

Prolactin is a hormone from the pituitary gland essential for breast development and milk production (lactation) in women, but it affects many body functions in both sexes, including reproduction and metabolism. Levels naturally rise during pregnancy, but high levels (hyperprolactinemia) can cause irregular periods, infertility, low libido, erectile dysfunction, and unexpected milk production (galactorrhea). Causes of high prolactin include pituitary tumors (prolactinomas), hypothyroidism, stress, certain medications, and kidney/liver disease, with dopamine (a neurotransmitter) usually inhibiting its release. 

Key Functions

• Lactation: Stimulates milk production in new mothers. 
• Reproduction: Affects ovarian function in women and testicular function in men, influencing fertility and sexual function. 
• Other Roles: Involved in metabolism, immune system regulation, and other bodily processes. 

Causes of High Prolactin (Hyperprolactinemia)

• Pituitary Tumors: Benign tumors called prolactinomas.
• Medical Conditions: Hypothyroidism, kidney or liver disease, chest injuries, shingles.
• Medications: Antidepressants, antipsychotics, blood pressure drugs, opioids.
• Physiological: Stress, sleep, exercise, nipple stimulation, eating. 

Symptoms of High Prolactin

• In Women: Irregular or absent periods, infertility, low libido, breast milk production outside of pregnancy. 
• In Men: Low libido, erectile dysfunction, infertility, breast enlargement (rare). 
• In Both: Galactorrhea (milky nipple discharge). 

Regulation & Treatment

• Inhibition: Dopamine from the hypothalamus usually keeps prolactin levels low. 
• Stimulation: Hormones like estrogen and TRH, as well as stress, can increase levels. 
• Treatment: Often involves medications (like bromocriptine) to lower levels, especially for prolactinomas, or addressing underlying causes like hypothyroidism. 

Conclusion

The Short Pathology Training Course at HRTD Medical Institute is an excellent opportunity for anyone looking to build a career in diagnostic healthcare within a short time. With a strong focus on practical training, modern laboratory techniques, and professional development, this course equips students with the skills needed to succeed in today’s competitive healthcare industry.

If you are searching for a short pathology training course in Dhaka, HRTD Medical Institute is the right place to begin your journey toward a successful medical laboratory career.