All Pathology Courses

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All Pathology Courses

All Pathology Courses. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965. All Pathology Courses of HRTD Medical Institute are Pathology Training Course 6 Months, Pathology Training Course 1 Year, Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 2 Years, Diploma in Pathology Assistant 2 Years, Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 3 Years, Diploma in Lab Technology 4 Years. All these Pathology Courses are available and running in HRTD Medical Institute.

Location of All Pathology Courses

HRTD Medical Institute, Abdul Ali Madbor Mansion, Metro Rail Piller No. 249, Falpotty Mosjid Goli, Flot No. 11. Mirpur-10 Golchattar, Dhaka-1216.

Pathology Course Fee in HRTD Medical Institute

Pathology Training Course 6 Months Tk 32500/-

Pathology Training Course 1 Year Tk 62500/-

Diploma in Pathologycal Lab Technology 2 Years Tk 102500/-

Diploma in Pathology Assistant 2 Years Tk 102500/-

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 3 Years Tk 152500/-

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 4 Years Tk 1,98,500/-

Pathology Course Admission Fee

6 Month Pathology Training Course Admission Fee Tk 10500/-

1 Year Pathology Training Course Admission Fee Tk 12500/-

2 Years Pathology Course Admission Fee Tk 20500/-

3 Years Pathology Course Admission Fee Tk 25500/-

4 Years Pathology Course Admission Fee Tk 30500/-

Course Fee and Payment System

Pathology Training Course 6 Months Tk 32500/-

Admission Fee Tk 10500, Monthly Fee Tk 3000/-,

Exam Fee Tk 4000/-

Pathology Training Course 1 Year Tk 62500/-

Admission Fee Tk 12500/-, Monthly Fee Tk 3500/-,

Exam Fee Tk 4000+Tk 4000= Tk 8000/-

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 2 Years Tk 102500/-

Admission Fee Tk 20500/-, Monthly Fee Tk 3000/-,

Exam Fee Tk 2500+Tk 2500 + Tk 2500+ Tk 2500=Tk 10000/-

Diploma in Pathology Assistant 2 Years Tk 102500/-

Admission Fee Tk 20500, Monthly Fee Tk 3000/,

Exam Fee Tk 2500+Tk 2500 + Tk 2500+ Tk 2500=Tk 10000/-

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 3 Years Tk 1,52,500/-

Admission Fee Tk 25500/-, Monthly Fee Tk 3000/,

Exam Fee Tk 3000+Tk3000+Tk3000+Tk3000+Tk3000+Tk 4000=Tk19000/-

Diploma in Pathological Lab Technology 4 Years Tk 1,98,500/-

Admission Fee Tk 30500/-, Monthly Fee Tk 3000/-,

Exam Fee Tk 3000X8 Semester=Tk 24000/-

Subjects for Pathology Courses

Human Anatomy and Physiology
General Chemistry for Medical Science
Pharmacology
Microbiology and Antimicrobial Drugs
Biochemistry
Hematology
General Pathology
Systemic Pathology
Clinical Pathology
Pathology for Medical Practice
Clinical Microbiology
Medical Biochemistry
Hematopathology

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy:

Human Anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures, from the microscopic level (cells, tissues) to the macroscopic (organs, systems), focusing on form, location, and relationships between parts, essential for medicine and biology, often studied alongside physiology (how parts function). It’s divided into gross anatomy (visible to the naked eye) and microscopic anatomy (histology/cytology) and explores the body’s eleven major systems, like skeletal, nervous, and circulatory.

Key Branches & Approaches

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic): Studying large structures without magnification, through dissection or imaging (X-ray, MRI).
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology/Cytology): Examining tissues and cells with microscopes.
Regional Anatomy: Organizing study by body areas (head, limbs, trunk).
Systemic Anatomy: Organizing by organ systems (e.g., nervous, digestive).
Radiological Anatomy: Using medical imaging (CT, MRI).

Major Body Systems

Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails (protection).
Skeletal: Bones (support, structure).
Muscular: Muscles (movement, posture).
Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves (control, coordination).
Endocrine: Glands, hormones (regulation).
Cardiovascular (Circulatory): Heart, blood vessels (transport).
Lymphatic: Lymph nodes, vessels (immunity, fluid balance).
Respiratory: Lungs, airways (gas exchange).
Digestive: Stomach, intestines (nutrient absorption).
Urinary (Excretory): Kidneys, bladder (waste elimination).
Reproductive: Organs for reproduction.

Human Physiology:

Human physiology is the science of how the human body works, studying its mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, from cells to organ systems, to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) and respond to challenges like exercise, stress, or disease. It examines systems like nervous, circulatory, respiratory, and digestive, understanding how they interact to keep the body alive and healthy, forming the basis for modern medicine and performance science.

Core Concepts

Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions (like temperature, pH, blood sugar) despite external changes.
Levels of Organization: From molecules and cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.
Interconnected Systems: Organ systems (e.g., nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory) work together, often coordinated by the neuroendocrine system, to achieve body functions.

Key Systems Studied

Nervous System: Control center, processing signals, thoughts, movements (neurons).
Endocrine System: Uses hormones to regulate body processes like blood pressure, growth.
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels; transports oxygen, nutrients, waste.
Respiratory System: Lungs, airways; gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
Digestive System: Converts food into fuel, absorbing nutrients.
Urinary System/Renal: Kidneys; maintain blood volume, filter waste.

General Chemistry for Medical Science

General Chemistry for Medical Science provides foundational chemical principles (atoms, bonding, reactions, equilibrium, solutions, acids/bases) and links them to biological systems, drug action (pharmacology), and human body processes, covering general, organic, and biochemistry to explain diseases and treatments, crucial for med school prep and understanding medicine at a molecular level.

Core Concepts Covered

Atomic Structure & Bonding: Understanding elements, isotopes, electron configuration, and how atoms form molecules and interact (like in the body).
States of Matter & Thermodynamics: How energy and matter change in biological systems (e.g., metabolism).
Solutions & Acids/Bases: pH balance, buffers, and concentrations in body fluids (blood, etc.).
Kinetics & Equilibrium: Rates of reactions and reversible processes in cells.
Electrochemistry: Electron transfer, vital for respiration and nerve signals.
Organic Chemistry Basics: Carbon compounds, the building blocks of life (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins).
Biochemistry: Applying chemistry to living organisms, essential for understanding diseases and drugs.

Why It’s Important for Medical Science

Disease Understanding: Diseases often involve chemical imbalances or dysfunctional molecular interactions.
Drug Action: Explains how drugs work, their synthesis, and their interaction with the body (Medicinal Chemistry).
Body Processes: Explains fundamental functions like respiration, nerve impulses, and metabolism.
Pre-Med/Med School Prep: Serves as a prerequisite for med school and the MCAT, bridging biology and clinical practice.

Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs (medicines, chemicals, natural substances) and how they interact with living organisms, covering their origins, effects, uses, and toxicity. It explores both pharmacokinetics (how the body processes drugs: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion – ADME) and pharmacodynamics (how drugs affect the body at molecular/cellular levels). This interdisciplinary field bridges basic sciences like biology, chemistry, and physiology to develop new therapies and ensure safe medication use, distinct from the practice of pharmacy (drug dispensing).

Core Areas of Study

Pharmacokinetics (PK): What the body does to the drug (ADME).
Pharmacodynamics (PD): What the drug does to the body (mechanism, effects, side effects).
Drug Discovery & Development: Identifying targets, designing new molecules, testing safety and efficacy.
Toxicology: Studying the harmful effects of drugs.
Therapeutic Use: Applying drugs to treat diseases.

Key Concepts

Drugs: Any substance (natural, synthetic, chemical, biologic) that affects a biological system.
Receptors: Molecules (often proteins) that drugs bind to initiate effects.
Pharmacogenetics: How genes influence individual drug responses.

Steroid Drugs, Antibiotic Drugs, Anticholesterol Drugs

Steroid Drugs:

Steroid drugs are medications that mimic naturally occurring hormones and primarily fall into two categories: corticosteroids (used medically to reduce inflammation) and anabolic steroids (used to promote muscle growth, often illicitly).

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are synthetic versions of hormones produced by the adrenal glands, such as cortisol. They are powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications used to treat a wide variety of conditions.

Common Uses:

Inflammatory conditions: Asthma, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), and multiple sclerosis.
Skin conditions: Eczema, psoriasis, and other rashes.
Pain management: As an adjuvant for bone, visceral, and neuropathic pain.

Forms of Administration:

Oral: Tablets or liquids (e.g., prednisone, dexamethasone) for systemic conditions.
Inhalers: For respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD.
Topical: Creams or ointments (e.g., hydrocortisone, mometasone) for skin disorders.
Injections: Directly into joints, muscles, or the bloodstream for localized or severe inflammation.

Common Examples of Corticosteroid Drugs:

Prednisone
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Methylprednisolone
Betamethasone

Antibiotic Drugs:

Antibiotics are powerful medicines used to treat or prevent infections caused by bacteria. They work by killing bacteria or stopping them from growing and multiplying, but they are not effective against viral infections like colds, the flu, or most sore throats.

Types and Examples of Antibiotics

Antibiotics are generally classified into different groups based on their chemical structure and how they work (their mechanism of action).

Group	Mechanism of Action	Common Examples	Common Uses
Penicillins	Inhibit cell wall synthesis	Amoxicillin, Penicillin V, Flucloxacillin	Skin, chest, and urinary tract infections, strep throat
Cephalosporins	Inhibit cell wall synthesis	Cephalexin, Cefdinir, Ceftriaxone	More serious infections like meningitis, some skin infections
Macrolides	Inhibit protein synthesis	Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin	Lung/chest infections (often as a penicillin substitute), pneumonia
Tetracyclines	Inhibit protein synthesis	Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tetracycline	Acne, rosacea, Lyme disease, some specific bacterial infections
Fluoroquinolones	Inhibit DNA synthesis	Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin	Urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections
Aminoglycosides	Inhibit protein synthesis	Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin	Serious, hospital-only infections (e.g., septicemia)
Sulfonamides	Inhibit folic acid synthesis	Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)	UTIs, some types of pneumonia

Important Considerations

Prescription Only: Antibiotics are powerful medications that can only be obtained with a prescription from a healthcare provider.
Follow Instructions: It is crucial to follow the doctor’s instructions carefully and complete the entire course of medication, even if you start feeling better. Stopping treatment early can allow some bacteria to survive, which can lead to a return of the infection or, more seriously, antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse or misuse of antibiotics is a major public health concern that leads to bacteria adapting and becoming “superbugs” that existing medicines can no longer treat effectively.
Side Effects: Common side effects can include nausea, diarrhea, and rash. More serious side effects can occur, including severe allergic reactions or C. difficile infections.
Alcohol Interaction: While many antibiotics are safe to take with moderate alcohol consumption, certain types, such as metronidazole, can cause severe reactions. Always consult your doctor or pharmacist about potential interactions.

Anticholesterol Drugs:

Anti-cholesterol drugs, primarily Statins (like atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin), are first-line treatments that block liver cholesterol production to prevent heart attacks and strokes, but alternatives exist like Ezetimibe, Bempedoic Acid, Fibrates, Bile Acid Sequestrants, and Niacin, often combined with diet and exercise for comprehensive management.

Main Types of Anti-Cholesterol Drugs

Statins: Most common, reduce the liver’s cholesterol production (e.g., Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin).
Ezetimibe (Zetia): Blocks cholesterol absorption in the intestine; can be used with or without statins.
Bempedoic Acid (Nexletol): An ATP citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor, reduces liver cholesterol synthesis, good for those who can’t tolerate statins.
Fibrates (e.g., Fenofibrate): Primarily lower triglycerides but also affect cholesterol.
Bile Acid Sequestrants (e.g., Cholestyramine): Bind to bile acids, forcing the body to use cholesterol to make more.
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid): A B-vitamin in high doses that lowers fats, but has significant flushing side effects.

How They Work

Statins: block an enzyme in the liver, reducing the amount of cholesterol made.
Ezetimibe: prevents cholesterol from being absorbed from the gut.
Fibrates and Niacin affect how the body processes fats (triglycerides and cholesterol).

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes and substances within living organisms, focusing on life at the molecular level, exploring biomolecules (like proteins, DNA, lipids, carbs) and the reactions that sustain life, energy use, and disease. It blends biology and chemistry, investigating how cells function, communicate, and respond to stimuli, and it forms the foundation for medicine, genetics, agriculture, and biotechnology by explaining the molecular basis of biological functions and malfunctions.

Core Concepts

Biomolecules: Understanding the structure, function, and interactions of essential molecules like proteins (enzymes), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), carbohydrates, and lipids.
Metabolism: The network of chemical reactions (anabolic/building and catabolic/breaking down) that convert food into energy and cellular components, orchestrated by enzymes.
Molecular Mechanisms: How genes are expressed, cells communicate, and how these processes are regulated.

Key Areas & Applications

Medicine: Explaining disease causes (e.g., genetic mutations), drug action, and developing treatments.
Genetics: The chemical basis of heredity, including DNA structure and function.
Nutrition: How organisms obtain and use nutrients for survival.
Biotechnology & Agriculture: Developing new bio-based solutions and improving crops.

Branches of Biochemistry:

Biochemistry branches into core areas like Structural Biochemistry, Enzymology, and Metabolism, studying biomolecule shapes, enzyme function, and chemical reactions in life, respectively, while also expanding into fields like Molecular Biology, Genetics, Neurochemistry, Immunology, Clinical Biochemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, and Biotechnology, focusing on cell processes, heredity, nervous system chemistry, immune responses, medical applications, drug design, and technological uses of biological systems.

Core Branches

Structural Biochemistry: Focuses on the 3D structure of macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA) and their interactions.
Enzymology: Studies the mechanisms, kinetics, and function of enzymes, the catalysts of life.
Metabolic Biochemistry: Explores the chemical pathways (metabolism) that sustain living organisms.
Molecular Genetics/Molecular Biology: Investigates the biochemistry of genes, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.

Applied & Specialized Branches

Clinical Biochemistry: Applies biochemical principles to diagnose and treat diseases.
Neurochemistry: Studies the chemistry of the nervous system, neurotransmitters, and neurological disorders.
Immunochemistry/Immunology: Focuses on the molecular basis of immune responses.
Bioorganic Chemistry: Blends organic chemistry with biology, crucial for drug development and understanding biological mechanisms.
Biotechnology: Uses biological systems for technological applications, including genetic engineering.
Toxicology: Studies harmful substances (xenobiotics) on living organisms.
Plant & Animal Biochemistry: Focuses on the unique biochemistry of plants and animals, including photosynthesis and animal systems.
Nutritional Biochemistry: Studies the chemical processes of nutrients and diet.

Hematology

Hematology is the branch of medicine focused on studying blood, blood-forming organs (like bone marrow), and blood diseases, encompassing the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions affecting red cells, white cells, platelets, and clotting factors. Specialists, called hematologists, diagnose and manage disorders from anemias and infections to leukemia, bleeding disorders (hemophilia, thrombosis), and blood cancers, often combining training with oncology.

What Hematology Covers

Blood Components: Red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune function), platelets (clotting), and plasma (fluid, proteins).
Blood-Forming Organs: Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Key Conditions:
- Anemias: Iron deficiency, sickle cell disease.
- Cancers: Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma.
- Clotting Disorders: Hemophilia, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
- Infections: Managing blood-related infections.

What Hematologists Do

Diagnosis: Using blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, and other evaluations.
Treatment: Administering chemotherapy, immunotherapy, transfusions, and other therapies.
Consultation: Working with other doctors to manage blood issues in various illnesses.

Types of Specialists

Hematologist: Focuses on direct patient care for blood disorders.
Hematopathologist: A pathologist who studies blood and bone marrow diseases in a lab setting.
Hematology-Oncology: A combined specialty for blood cancers and other cancers.

Hematopathology

Hematopathology is the pathology subspecialty focused on diagnosing diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues (like lymph nodes), examining blood cells (red, white, platelets) and their origins, using tools like microscopy, flow cytometry, and molecular tests to identify conditions like leukemia, lymphoma, anemias, and bleeding disorders. Hematopathologists integrate complex lab data to provide accurate diagnoses, often working closely with hematologist-oncologists.

What Hematopathologists Study & Diagnose

Blood Cells: Red cells, white cells, platelets, and their disorders (e.g., anemia, clotting issues).
Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and related cancers (lymphoma, leukemia).
Bone Marrow: Disorders affecting blood cell production (e.g., myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative disorders).

Key Diagnostic Tools & Techniques

Microscopy: Examining blood smears, bone marrow, and tissue biopsies.
Flow Cytometry: Analyzing cell surface markers to identify and quantify cell populations.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Using antibodies to stain cells for specific proteins.
Molecular Testing: DNA sequencing and cytogenetics for genetic abnormalities (e.g., gene mutations, chromosomal changes).

Why It’s Important

It bridges basic lab tests (like CBCs) with advanced analysis to understand complex hematologic conditions.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for guiding targeted therapies for blood cancers and other serious disorders.

General Pathology

General Pathology studies the fundamental mechanisms of disease, focusing on how cells, tissues, and organs respond to injury, leading to structural and functional changes, and involves diagnosing illnesses through lab tests like biopsies, blood analysis, and advanced imaging to understand the “why” and “how” of disease for patient care. It covers basic cellular responses (inflammation, adaptation, repair) and broad disease processes (infections, cancers) before branching into specific areas like surgical or molecular pathology, acting as a bridge between basic science and clinical medicine.

Core Concepts

Cellular Injury & Adaptation: How cells cope with stress (e.g., hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia) or die (necrosis).
Inflammation & Repair: The body’s response to damage, including blood vessel changes (hyperemia) and wound healing.
Disorders of Growth: Neoplasia (cancer) and other abnormal cell proliferation (hyperplasia).
Biochemical Disturbances: Fatty changes (steatosis) or glycogen accumulation in tissues.
Infectious Diseases: How pathogens like viruses (HPV causing warts) or parasites (tapeworms causing cysticercosis) cause illness.

Key Areas & Tools

Sub-disciplines: Anatomical Pathology (tissues, biopsies), Clinical Pathology (blood, fluids), Surgical Pathology, Forensic Pathology, Molecular Pathology, etc.
Diagnostic Techniques: Microscopy (light, electron), biopsies, blood tests, PCR, sequencing, special stains.

Role of a Pathologist

Diagnosis: Using lab findings to identify diseases.
Consultation: Advising other doctors on treatment.
Broad Scope: Managing a diverse range of cases, from common infections to complex cancers.

Systemic Pathology

Systemic pathology is the branch of medicine studying diseases as they affect specific organs and body systems (like heart, lungs, kidneys), focusing on etiology (causes), pathogenesis (development), morphological changes, and the resulting clinical signs, serving as a bridge between general disease principles (General Pathology) and clinical practice. It explains why a disease happens in a particular system (e.g., H. pylori in the stomach), how it progresses, and its effects on the body, integrating cellular responses with organ function.

Key Components

Etiology: The study of disease causes (e.g., bacteria, genetics, lifestyle).
Pathogenesis: The sequence of events from initial cause to the final disease manifestation.
Morphological Changes: Alterations in cells, tissues, and organs (microscopic/histopathological and gross appearance).
Clinical Manifestations: How the disease presents as signs and symptoms in patients.

Clinical Pathology

Clinical pathology, also known as laboratory medicine, diagnoses diseases by analyzing bodily fluids (blood, urine, spinal fluid) and tissues using chemistry, microbiology, hematology, and molecular techniques, acting as a vital link between lab tests and patient care to guide treatment. Clinical pathologists oversee these labs, ensuring quality and interpreting results to help doctors manage patient health, covering areas from basic blood counts to complex genetic testing.

Key Aspects of Clinical Pathology

Tests Samples: Analyzes blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid, bone marrow, and other specimens.
Broad Disciplines: Includes clinical chemistry, hematology (blood disorders), clinical immunology, and molecular pathology.
Supports Diagnosis: Provides data for diagnosing, monitoring, and preventing diseases, impacting many healthcare decisions.
Laboratory Focus: Different from anatomic pathology (which examines tissues/organs directly), clinical pathology focuses on the biochemical and cellular components within fluids.
Professional Role: Involves medical doctors (pathologists) and scientists who manage testing, quality control, and interpret complex results, working with physicians.

Pathology for Medical Practice

Pathology for Medical Practice is the crucial bridge between basic science and clinical care, focusing on the study of disease to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and management, involving examination of tissues (Anatomic Pathology) and body fluids (Clinical Pathology). It underpins most medical decisions, from cancer diagnosis and genetic testing to infectious disease identification, using methods like microscopy, molecular testing, and lab analysis to understand disease causes and effects, ultimately guiding personalized patient care.

Key Aspects of Pathology in Practice:

Diagnosis: Identifying diseases by examining cells, tissues (biopsies), blood, and other fluids for abnormalities.
Treatment Guidance: Providing critical information for oncologists (cancer type/stage), infectious disease specialists (microbes/antibiotics), and others to develop treatment plans.
Monitoring: Tracking disease progression and response to therapy.
Prevention: Identifying predispositions and risk factors through advanced molecular testing.

Branches of Pathology:

Anatomic Pathology: Studies disease at tissue/cellular level (biopsies, cytology, autopsies).
Clinical Pathology (Laboratory Medicine): Involves Hematology, Immunology, Microbiology, and Clinical Chemistry.
Molecular Pathology: Uses genetic/biomolecular analysis for personalized medicine, vital for cancer and infections.
Forensic Pathology: Determines cause of death in legal contexts (autopsies).

Role in Medical Practice:

Support Specialty: Acts as a core support for all other clinical staff, with over 70% of healthcare decisions involving pathology.
Bridging Science & Medicine: Connects laboratory findings to patient care, informing decisions from initial diagnosis to ongoing management.
Patient-Centered: Every lab result or tissue analysis directly impacts a patient’s care, making it central to modern healthcare.